ATLAS OF NORMAL IMAGING VARIATIONS OF THE BRAIN, SKULL, AND CRANIOCERVICAL VASCULATURE

• Part I: Brain
1. Brain Introduction
2. Cerebellar Tonsillar Ectopia
3. Cerebellar Flocculus Pseudomass
4. Mega Cisterna Magna and Retrocerebellar Arachnoid Cysts
5. Cranial Nerve VII: Normal Contrast Enhancement on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6. Meckel Cave Prominence, Asymmetry, and Petrous Apex Cephaloceles
7. Cavernous Sinus Fat
8. Pituitary Variations, Artifacts, Primary Empty Sella, and Incidentalomas
9. Liliequist Membrane
10. Pineal Gland: Normal Size, Appearance, and Enhancement
11. Choroid Plexus: Normal Locations and Appearances
12. Hippocampi, Caudate Tail, and Ependymal Variants
13. Midline Variants of the Septum Pellucidum, Corpus Callosum, and Massa Intermedia
14. Dilated Perivascular Spaces
15. Enlargement or Asymmetry of the Lateral Ventricles Simulating Hydrocephalus
16. Cerebral or Cerebellar Volume Loss Simulating Subdural Hematomas, Hygromas, and Arachnoid Cysts
17. Dural Calcifications: Normal Locations and Appearances
18. Pseudo-leptomeningeal Contrast Enhancement
19. Basal Ganglia: Physiologic Calcifications
20. Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Concepts, Basal Ganglia Variations, and Artifacts
21. Slow-Flow, Asymptomatic Vascular Malformations: Brain Capillary Telangiectasias and Developmental Venous Anomalies
22. Brain MRI Pseudolesions: 3.0T Imaging, FLAIR, and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
23. Pediatric Brain: Normal Variations in Development, Maturation, and Myelination
• Part II: Skull
24. Skull: Introduction
25. Pediatric Skull: Normal Pediatric Sutures on Computed Tomography
26. Skull Base Foramina: Normal Variations and Developmental Defects
27. Normal Variations and Developmental Anatomy of the Calvarial Sutures and Fontanelles Above the Skull Base
28. Emissary Veins, Vascular-Containing Foramina, and Vascular Depressions of the Skull
29. Normal Variations in Calvarial Contour, Irregular Ossification/Aeration, and Inward/Outward Projections/Protuberances
30. Other “Don’t Touch” Skull Lesions: Arachnoid Granulations, Calvarial Depressions, Hemangiomas, and Intraosseous Lipomas
• Part III: Craniocervical Vasculature
31. Craniocervical Vasculature: Introduction
32. Aortic Arch and Great Vessel Origin Arterial Variants
33. Cervical Carotid and Vertebral Arterial Variants
34. Tortuous Cervical and Intracranial Arteries and Basilar-Carotid Dolichoectasia
35. Miscellaneous Cervical Venous Variants
36. Intracranial Posterior Circulation Variants
37. Intracranial Anterior Circulation Variants
38. Infundibular Outpouchings of Intracranial Arteries
39. Persistent Carotid-Basilar and Carotid-Vertebral Anastomoses
40. Variations in the Intracranial Venous System
41. Arachnoid Granulations Within the Dural Sinuses
42. Artifacts of the Craniocervical Venous System on MRI
43. Artifacts of the Craniocervical Arterial System on MRI
44. Artifacts on Craniocervical CT Angiography
45. Dense Vessels Simulating Thrombosis on Nonenhanced CT.

This atlas presents normal imaging variations of the brain, skull, and craniocervical vasculature. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) have advanced dramatically in the past 10 years, particularly in regard to new techniques and 3D imaging. One of the major problems experienced by radiologists and clinicians is the interpretation of normal variants as compared with the abnormalities that the variants mimic. Through an extensive collection of images, this book offers a spectrum of appearances for each variant with accompanying 3D imaging for confirmation; explores common artifacts on MR and CT that simulate disease; discusses each variant in terms of the relevant anatomy; and presents comparison cases for the purpose of distinguishing normal findings from abnormalities. It includes both common variants as well as newly identified variants that are visualized by recently developed techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging and multidetector/multislice CT. The book also highlights normal imaging variants in pediatric cases.
Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain, Skull, and Craniocervical Vasculature is a valuable resource for neuroradiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists in interpreting the most common and identifiable variants and using the best methods to classify them expediently.

Features
• Presents normal imaging variations of the brain, skull, and craniocervical vasculature
• Offers a spectrum of appearances for each variant with accompanying 3D imaging
• Explores common artifacts on MR and CT that simulate disease
• Presents comparison cases by which normal findings can be distinguished from abnormalities

Author
Alexander M. McKinney, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA