CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT: SCENE SPECIFIC METHODS, 2ND EDITION

Introduction and Use of This Text
List of Contributors
About the companion website

Part I Crime Scene Principles by Raul Sutton
1. Chapter 1 The Crime Scene Context by Raul Sutton
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a crime?
1.3 The nature of the UK legal system
1.4 The Legal System in England and Wales
1.5 Other Courts
1.6 The Judicial System in Northern Ireland
1.7 The Scottish Legal System
1.8 Judicial processes that deal with causes of death
1.9 What constitutes evidence?
1.10 The chain of events in evidence gathering
1.11 The relationship between evidence gatherers and analysts
1.12 Health and Safety Considerations
1.13 Suggested Further Reading
2. The first officer attending by Keith Trueman and Chris Moran
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Response to Incident Reporting
2.3 Personnel Involved in the Investigative Process
2.4 Recording and Recovery of Scientific Evidence
2.5 Initial Considerations of the First Officer Attending (FOA)
2.6 Dealing with the victim
2.7 Dealing with Witnesses
2.8 Dealing with Suspects
2.9 Dealing with the Crime Scene(s)
2.10 Documentation
2.11 Dealing with Violent Crime
2.12 Summary and Conclusion
2.13 Self Assessed Questions
3. The Role of the Crime Scene Investigator: Keith Trueman and Chris Moran
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Training the CSI
3.3 The Responsibilities of a CSI
3.4 Forensic Evidence
3.5 Request for CSI attendance at crime scenes
3.6 Actions when attending the crime scene
3.7 Initial Scene Assessment (Including Health and Safety)
3.8 Planning Evidence Recovery
3.9 Record the Evidence
3.10 The elimination process
3.11 Details of Evidence Recovered
3.12 Integrity, Continuity and Contamination
3.13 Packaging Materials
3.14 Conclusion
3.15 Self assessed questions

Part II Evidence gathering techniques
4. Police photography, video recording, 3D laser scanning Chris Crowe and Chris Moran
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Guidelines
4.3 Equipment
4.4 Exposure
4.5 Image quality/size
4.6 Depth of field
4.7 White balance
4.8 Image data
4.9 Flash photography
4.10 Room interiors
4.11 Vehicles
4.12 Evidential items
4.13 Recording injuries to the person
4.14 Night Photography
4.15 Footwear impressions
4.16 Fingerprints
4.17 Recording video evidence at crime scenes
4.18 The use of digital images in court
4.19 3D laser scanning of scenes
Suggested further reading
5. Fingerprints by Dave Charlton
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Nature of Friction ridge skin
5.3 The structure of friction ridge skin
5.4 Friction ridge growth
5.5 Principles of Friction Ridge Identification
5.6 Comparison Methodology
5.7 Chemical composition of latent prints
5.8 Identification of common locations for prints
5.9 The use of powdering techniques to enhance latent finger marks
5.10 Chemical Development Techniques
5.11 Laboratory and Scene Applications
5.12 Fingerprints in Bodily Fluids
5.13 Scenes of Fire:
5.14 Optical methods to reveal fingerprints (laser and other light sources)
5.15 New and Emerging Techniques:
5.16 Remote Transmission
5.17 Chapter Summary
5.18 Acknowledgements
5.19 Selected Further Reading
6. DNA-rich evidence by Terry Bartlett and Sara Short
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Historical background
6.2 The structure and properties of DNA
6.3 DNA analysis
6.4 Types of DNA testing
6.4.1 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) based techniques.
6.4.2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques.
6.4.3 The National DNA Database
6.4.4 Mitochondrial DNA analysis
6.5 Biological evidence
6.6 Procedures for collection of biological evidence: General considerations
6.6.1 Health and safety considerations
6.6.2 Protection of scene of crime
6.6.3 Contamination
6.6.4 Minimising contamination of potential sources of DNA
6.6.5 Sample collection and storage
6.6.6 Collection of blood evidence
6.6.7 Presumptive testing for blood
6.6.8 Evidence collection and storage
6.6.9 Semen samples
6.6.10 Presumptive testing for semen
6.6.11 Evidence collection and storage
6.6.12 Saliva samples
6.6.13 Presumptive testing for saliva
6.6.14 Evidence collection and storage
6.6.15 Faecal samples
6.6.16 Evidence collection and storage
6.6.17 Other biological evidence
6.6.18 Sources of DNA: Limitations
6.7 Limitations of DNA evidence
6.8 Elimination and reference samples
6.9 Summary
6.10 References
7. Blood Pattern Analysis Raul Sutton and Terry Bartlett
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History of the development of blood spatter as a scientific discipline
7.3 Composition of blood
7.4 Physical Properties of blood
7.5 Causes of bleeding
7.6 Blood dynamics
7.7 Drop-surface impact and droplet pattern
7.8 Determination of area of origin of spatter
7.9 Cast-off patterns
7.10 Arterial damage patterns
7.11 Non-spatter patterns
7.12 Physiologically altered blood stains (PABS)
7.13 Volume blood stains
7.14 Composite patterns
7.15 Investigative transfer and contamination issues
7.16 Recording traces
7.17 Summary
7.18 Suggested Further reading
8. Physical Evidence Prof Craig D Williams
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Tool marks
8.3 Clothing
8.4 Fibres
8.5 Footwear Impressions
8.6 Glass Fragments
8.7 Glass Fragmentation
8.8 Soils
8.9 Firearms
8.10 Scene recovery of firearms
8.11 Gunshot Residues (GSR)
8.12 Drugs of abuse (DOA)
8.13 The crime scene characteristics of various DOA’s
8.14 Presumptive Tests for Drugs
8.15 Amateur Explosives
8.16 Summary
Part III Specialised Scenes and Report Writing
9. Scenes of fire examination Chris Perry and Mark McCabe
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Nature of Fire
9.3 The Oxygen Demand of Fuels
9.4 Flame and fire classifications
9.5 Types of Evidence Specific to Fire Scenes
9.6 Locating the Seat of the Fire
9.7 Evidence Gathering Methods
9.8 Methods for Ascertaining Whether a Crime Has Been Committed
9.9 Health and Safety Considerations
9.10 Summary
10. Examination of Recovered Stolen Motor Vehicles. By Keith Trueman
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What is a Motor Vehicle?
10.3 The definition of an Auto Crime?
10.4 Auto Crime Scene Examinations
10.5 Requests to attend an ‘Auto Crime’ scene
10.6 The Examination Process
10.7 Conclusion
11 Managing Complex Scenes and Multiple or Mass Fatality Scenes Chris Moran and Derek Forest (OBE)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Self briefing
11.3 Communication
11.4 Establishing priorities
11.5 Avoidance of Contamination
11.6 The Forensic Strategy
11.6.1 Streamlined Forensic Reporting
11.7 ‘Defence’ case review meeting
11.8 Incident debrief
11.9 Introduction to Mass fatality Incidents
11.10 The range and nature of mass fatality incidents
11.11 The type of investigation conducted
11.12 Sequence of events in Managing DVI scenes
11.13 Recovery of mortal remains
11.15 Recommended further reading:
Chapter 12. Preparing Reports and Statements by Keith Trueman
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Documentation at the Crime Scene.
12.3 Photography
12.4 Plans, Sketches and Diagrams
12.5 The Exhibit Label
12.6 Handling the Evidence
12.7 Self assessed questions:
12.8 Statements of Evidence
12.9 Criminal Justice Act 1967 Section 9
12.10 Crime Scene Examination Statements
12.11 Conclusion
12.12 Self assessed questions:
13 Quality Assurance in Crime Scene Investigation by Chris Moran
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Informal aspects of quality assurance
13.3 The development of formal quality assurance
13.3 The role of the Forensic Science Regulator
13.5 Responsibility for measuring quality assurance
13.6 The accreditation process
13.7 Organisational requirements for accreditation
13.8 Personnel requirements for accreditation
13.9 Resource requirements for accreditation
13.10 Process requirements for accreditation
13.11 Management requirements for accreditation
13.12 Maintaining accreditation
Appendices

Crime Scene Management is an accessible introduction to the common forms of evidence that may be encountered at a scene of crime and the techniques used for recovery of that evidence. The book is clearly focused on the techniques for handling crime scenes from the role of the first officer attending through to the specialist personnel who may be called to deal with specific evidence types. Clearly structured to enhance student understanding, methods covered include, DNA-rich samples, fingerprints, toolmarks and footwear impressions. Later chapters move on to consider examples of specialised scenes such as arson and vehicle crime. The content of each chapter can be tested with self-assessment questions to reinforce student understanding. Written for undergraduate students studying forensic science courses, Crime Scene Management will also be of interest to scene of crime officers, police officers and legal professionals as well as students taking courses in criminalistics and law. Focuses on the crime scene and on the science underpinning the gathering of evidence at the scene Written in conjunction with experienced practitioners Supplementary website to include figures from the book and further references Suitable for delivery in a modular course. Chapters written by a team consisting of experts and academics to ensure an accessible and well-informed text.