DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING. PEDIATRICS. 4TH EDITION

SECTION 1: AIRWAY
4 Approach to Pediatric Airway
• NORMAL DYNAMIC AIRWAY FINDINGS IN INFANTS
6 Expiratory Buckling of Trachea
7 Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal Tissues
• NEWBORN AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
8 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis
10 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele
12 Choanal Atresia
14 Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical
16 Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome
17 Tracheal Agenesis
• INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF AIRWAY COMPROMISE
18 Epiglottitis
22 Croup
26 Exudative Tracheitis
30 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess
• EXTRINSIC VASCULAR COMPRESSION OF AIRWAY
34 Double Aortic Arch
38 Pulmonary Sling
42 Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome
44 Right Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery
• MISCELLANEOUS AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS
46 Infantile Hemangioma, Airway
48 Tracheobronchomalacia

SECTION 2: CHEST
52 Approach to Pediatric Chest
• NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIANTS
56 Normal Thymus
60 Palpable Normal Variants of Chest Wall
• CONGENITAL LUNG LESIONS
62 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
66 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
70 Bronchogenic Cyst
74 Congenital Lobar Overinflation
78 Bronchial Atresia
• NEONATAL CHEST ISSUES
80 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
84 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
88 Surfactant Deficiency Disease
92 Neonatal Pneumonia
94 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
96 Transient Tachypnea of Newborn
98 Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
102 Neonatal Pneumothorax
104 Chylothorax
106 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
110 Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications
112 Esophageal Intubation
113 ECMO Catheters
114 PICCs
• CHEST INFECTIONS
116 Viral Chest Infection
120 COVID-19/MIS-C
124 Round Pneumonia
128 Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
130 Pneumonia With Cavitary Necrosis
134 Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children
136 Papillomatosis
• MEDIASTINAL MASSES
140 Lymphoma
144 Germ Cell Tumors
148 Neuroblastoma, Thoracic
• PULMONARY MASSES
152 Pleuropulmonary Blastoma
156 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
• TRAUMA
158 Child Abuse, Rib Fractures
162 Lung Contusion and Laceration
166 Aortic Injury
170 Pneumomediastinum
• PEDIATRIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES
174 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy
176 Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis
178 Alveolar Growth Abnormality
180 Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders
182 Swyer-James
184 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
186 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary
• MISCELLANEOUS
188 Asthma
192 Bronchial Obstruction
196 Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary
200 Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body
202 Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome
206 Pectus Excavatum
208 Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance
209 Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall
210 Chest Wall Hamartoma
211 Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis
212 EVALI

SECTION 3: CARDIAC
216 Approach to Pediatric Heart
• CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
220 Atrial Septal Defect
224 Ventricular Septal Defect
228 Atrioventricular Septal Defect
232 Patent Ductus Arteriosus
236 Tetralogy of Fallot
240 Pulmonary Atresia
244 Ebstein Anomaly
248 D-Transposition of Great Arteries
Artery Anomalous Origin
270 Double Outlet Right Ventricle
272 Aortic Coarctation
276 Aortic Stenosis
280 Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
284 Scimitar Syndrome
• SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
286 Glenn Shunt
288 Fontan Operation
290 Arterial Switch Procedure
292 Norwood Procedure
294 Blalock-Taussig Shunt
296 Amplatzer Occluder Device
298 Sano Shunt
• CARDIOMYOPATHIES
300 Myocarditis
302 Left Ventricular Noncompaction
304 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
306 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related Cardiomyopathy
308 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
• MISCELLANEOUS
312 Heterotaxia Syndromes
316 Rhabdomyoma
320 Kawasaki Disease
324 Rheumatic Heart Disease
326 Marfan Syndrome
328 Loeys-Dietz Syndrome

SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL
332 Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract
• NORMAL PEDIATRIC VARIANTS
336 Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction Position
340 Normal Variations of Cecal Position
342 Age-Related Appearance of Spleen
• NEONATAL UPPER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS
344 Malrotation
348 Midgut Volvulus
352 Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis
356 Duodenal Web
357 Pyloric Atresia
• NEONATAL LOWER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS
358 Jejunoileal Atresia
362 Colonic Atresia
363 Multiple Intestinal Atresias
364 Meconium Ileus
368 Neonatal Small Left Colon
370 Hirschsprung Disease
374 Anorectal Malformations
Reflux
390 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
394 Gastric Volvulus
396 Ingested Coins
398 Ingested Button Batteries
400 Ingested Multiple Magnets
• ABNORMALITIES OF ABDOMINAL WALL
402 Hernias
406 Omphalocele
410 Gastroschisis
414 Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS
415 Limb-Body Wall Complex
• OTHER ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
416 Appendicitis
420 Ileocolic Intussusception
424 Meckel Diverticulum
428 Colonic Volvulus
430 Internal Hernia
431 Segmental Volvulus
• LIVER ABNORMALITIES
432 Hepatoblastoma
436 Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital
440 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
442 Hepatic Adenoma
444 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
445 Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma
446 Mesenchymal Hamartoma
447 Biliary Rhabdomyosarcoma
448 Biliary Atresia
452 Choledochal Cyst
456 Caroli Disease
458 Fibrosis/Cirrhosis
460 Steatosis/Steatohepatitis
462 Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease
464 Abernethy Malformation
466 Liver Transplant Complications
• SPLENIC ABNORMALITIES
470 Wandering Spleen
472 Splenic Infarct
474 Splenic Cysts
476 Cat-Scratch Disease
• PANCREATIC ABNORMALITIES
478 Pancreatoblastoma
480 Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
482 Pancreas Divisum
484 Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction
486 Annular Pancreas
488 Pancreatitis
• MESENTERIC ABNORMALITIES
492 Primary Mesenteric Adenitis
494 Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation
496 Omental Infarction
• TRAUMA
498 Hypoperfusion Complex
502 Bowel Injury
506 Hepatic Trauma
510 Splenic Trauma
514 Duodenal Trauma
518 Pancreatic Trauma
• ABNORMALITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN
522 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
526 Pseudomembranous Colitis
528 Neutropenic Colitis
530 Graft-vs.-Host Disease
532 Chronic Granulomatous Disease
536 Pneumatosis in Older Children
• INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
538 Crohn Disease
542 Ulcerative Colitis
• MISCELLANEOUS
544 Esophageal Strictures
548 Bezoars
552 Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts
556 Small Bowel Intussusception
558 Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
562 Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract
566 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
570 Burkitt Lymphoma
572 Castleman Disease
573 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
574 Abdominal Aneurysms

SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY
578 Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract
• NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
582 Normal Neonatal Kidney
584 Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland
586 Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries
• CONGENITAL URINARY TRACT ABNORMALITIES
588 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
592 Vesicoureteral Reflux
596 Ureteropelvic Duplications
600 Ureterocele
604 Primary Megaureter
606 Megaureter-Megacystis
607 Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome
608 Prune-Belly Syndrome
610 Posterior Urethral Valves
614 Urachal Abnormalities
618 Cloaca Malformation
620 Bladder Exstrophy
622 Renal Ectopia and Fusion
626 Renal Agenesis
• MULTICYSTIC RENAL DISEASE
628 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
632 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive
636 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant
• RENAL MASSES
638 Wilms Tumor
642 Nephroblastomatosis
646 Multilocular Cystic Nephroma
648 Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
652 Renal Rhabdoid Tumor
653 Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney
654 Renal Cell Carcinoma
656 Renal Medullary Carcinoma
658 Angiomyolipoma
• MISCELLANEOUS RENAL CONDITIONS
662 Pyelonephritis
666 Renal Injury
670 Renal Stones
674 Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary Hyperechogenicity
676 Renal Vein Thrombosis
678 Renal Artery Stenosis
679 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
• BLADDER ABNORMALITIES
680 Neurogenic Bladder
684 Bladder Diverticula
686 Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance
688 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary
• ADRENAL ABNORMALITIES
692 Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
696 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
700 Neuroblastoma
706 Adrenocortical Carcinoma
708 Pheochromocytoma
• UTERINE AND OVARIAN ABNORMALITIES
710 Hydrometrocolpos
714 Müllerian Duct Anomalies
718 Ovarian Cyst
722 Ovarian Teratoma
726 Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood
730 Ovarian Torsion
734 Ectopic Ovary
• SCROTAL/TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES
736 Epididymoorchitis
740 Testicular Torsion
744 Torsion of Testicular Appendage
748 Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma
750 Testicular Tumors
754 Testicular Trauma
756 Ectopic Testicle
758 Variations of Hydroceles

SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL
762 Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System
• NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
766 Primary and Secondary Growth Centers
768 Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion
770 Normal Developmental Variants Confused With Disease
776 Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity
• CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
778 VACTERL Association
782 Polydactyly
783 Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia
784 Tibial Bowing
785 Arthrogryposis
786 Clubfoot
788 Discoid Meniscus
• TRAUMA: GENERAL
792 Physeal Fractures
796 Apophyseal Injuries
800 Incomplete Fractures
802 Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture
806 Other Fractures of Child Abuse
810 Stress Injuries
814 Osteochondroses
816 Osteochondritis Dissecans
820 Fracture Complications
824 Orthopedic Hardware and Complications
828 Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic
830 Morel-Lavallée Lesion
831 Muscle Hernia
• TRAUMA: UPPER EXTREMITY
832 Supracondylar Fracture
836 Lateral Condylar Fracture
840 Medial Epicondyle Avulsion
842 Forearm Fractures
844 Clavicle Injuries
• TRAUMA: LOWER EXTREMITY
846 ACL Injuries
850 Patellar Dislocation
854 Patellar Sleeve Avulsion
855 Tibial Tubercle Avulsion
856 Triplane Fracture
858 Juvenile Tillaux Fracture
860 Toddler's Fracture
861 Trampoline Fracture
• INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
862 Osteomyelitis
868 Syphilis
870 Septic Arthritis
872 Transient Synovitis
874 Soft Tissue Abscess
876 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
880 Dermatomyositis
882 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
• SOFT TISSUE MASSES
886 Infantile Hemangioma
890 Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
892 Venous Malformation
896 Lymphatic Malformation
900 Arteriovenous Malformation (MSK)
902 Fibromatosis
906 Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis
908 Plexiform Neurofibroma
910 Lipoblastoma
911 Pilomatrixoma
912 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal
916 Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas (NRSTS)
920 Granuloma Annulare
922 Myositis Ossificans
• FOCAL, MULTIFOCAL, AND DIFFUSE BONE LESIONS
924 Ewing Sarcoma
928 Osteosarcoma
932 Leukemia
936 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
940 Nonossifying Fibroma
944 Osteoid Osteoma
948 Chondroblastoma
950 Osteochondroma
• ABNORMALITIES OF HIP
954 Developmental Hip Dysplasia
958 Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency
960 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
964 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
• CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE
968 Achondroplasia
972 Mucopolysaccharidoses
976 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
980 Osteopetrosis
• MISCELLANEOUS
982 Rickets
986 Sickle Cell Disease
990 Scoliosis
994 Tarsal Coalition
998 Brachial Plexopathy
1000 Hemophilia

SECTION 7: BRAIN
1004 Approach to Pediatric Brain
• NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION
1008 Normal Myelination
1012 Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces
1014 Cavum Septum Pellucidum
1015 Cavum Veli Interpositi
• CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
1016 Dandy-Walker Continuum
1020 Other Cerebellar Malformations
1022 Cephalocele
1024 Holoprosencephalies
1026 Callosal Anomalies
1028 Hemimegalencephaly
1030 Lissencephaly
1032 Heterotopic Gray Matter
1034 Schizencephaly
1036 Polymicrogyria
1038 Focal Cortical Dysplasia
1040 Chiari 1
1042 Chiari 2
1044 Aqueductal Stenosis
• PHAKOMATOSES
1046 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
1050 Tuberous Sclerosis
1052 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
1054 PHACES Syndrome
1055 Neurocutaneous Melanosis
• CYSTS AND NEOPLASMS
1056 Colloid Cyst
1058 Arachnoid Cyst
1060 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts
1062 Pineal Cyst
1063 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
1064 Pilocytic Astrocytoma
1066 Medulloblastoma
1068 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
1070 Posterior Fossa Ependyoma
1072 Supratentorial Ependymoma
1073 Glioblastoma
1074 Brainstem Tumors
1078 DNET
1079 Ganglioglioma
1080 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors
1081 Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes
1082 Craniopharyngioma
1084 Germinoma, Brain
1086 Choroid Plexus Tumors
• TRAUMATIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS
1088 Abusive Head Trauma
1092 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
1096 White Matter Injury of Prematurity
1098 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
1100 Childhood Stroke
1102 Moyamoya
1104 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
1106 Arteriovenous Malformation
1108 Cavernous Malformation
1110 Birth Injury
1112 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
1114 Childhood Aneurysms
• METABOLIC, INFECTIOUS, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
1116 Metabolic Brain Disease
1120 Mitochondrial Encephalopathies
1122 Leukodystrophies
1124 TORCH Infections
1126 Brain Abscess
1128 Acute Encephalitis
1130 Demyelinating Diseases
• MISCELLANEOUS
1132 Craniosynostoses
1136 CSF Shunts and Complications

SECTION 8: SPINE
1142 Approach to Pediatric Spine
• CONGENITAL SPINAL MALFORMATIONS
1144 Myelomeningocele
1146 Lipomyelomeningocele
1147 Dorsal Dermal Sinus
1148 Caudal Regression
1149 Split Cord Malformation
1150 Terminal Myelocystocele
1151 Neurenteric Cyst
1152 Tethered Spinal Cord
1153 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
1154 Syringomyelia
• NEOPLASMS
1156 Spinal Cord Ependymoma
1158 Spinal Cord Astrocytoma
1160 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
• INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
1164 Discitis/Osteomyelitis
1166 Inflammatory Myelopathies
• TRAUMA
1168 Craniocervical Junction Injuries
1172 Chance Fracture
1174 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK
1178 Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses
• NASAL AND SINUS CAVITIES
1182 Nasal Dermal Sinus
1186 Juvenile Angiofibroma
1190 Acute Rhinosinusitis
• ORBIT
1194 Orbital Cellulitis
1198 Retinoblastoma
• TEMPORAL BONE
1202 Congenital Auricle Malformations
1204 Large Vestibular Aqueduct
1206 Congenital Cholesteatoma
1208 Acquired Cholesteatoma
1210 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess
• SYNDROMES WITH CRANIOFACIAL INVOLVEMENT
1214 CHARGE Syndrome
1215 Branchiootorenal Syndrome
1216 Treacher Collins Syndrome
1217 Pierre Robin Sequence
• NECK MASSES BEYOND NEWBORN PERIOD
1218 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
1222 Branchial Cleft Anomalies
1226 Acute Parotitis
1228 Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial
1232 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck
1236 Fibromatosis Colli
1240 Suppurative Adenitis

Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for pediatric radiologists, general radiologists, and trainees-anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s pediatric imaging. Dr. A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., and his team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on recent advances in technology and safety in the imaging of children to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.

Features:
• Serves as a one-stop resource for key concepts and information on pediatric imaging, including a wealth of new material and content updates on more than 400 diagnoses
• Features more than 2,500 illustrations, including radiologic images, full-color illustrations, endoscopic and bronchoscopic photographs, clinical photos, and gross pathology images
• Features updates from cover to cover, including specifics from revised disease classifications, new terminology, and best practice recommendations for radiologic reporting
• Reflects evolving imaging technology in conjunction with increased awareness of radiation, contrast, and anesthesia safety in children, and how these advances continue to alter pediatric imaging approaches
• Uses bulleted, succinct text and highly templated chapters for quick comprehension of essential information at the point of care
• Includes an enhanced eBook version that allows you to search all text, figures, and references on a variety of devices

Authors
• Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP, Division Director, Emergency and Critical Care Imaging, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Associate Professor of Clinical Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
• Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc, Director, Pediatric Overnight Imaging, Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute, Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
• Luke L. Linscott, MD, Pediatric Neuroradiologist, Vice Chair, Department of Medical Imaging, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.
• Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Associate Director of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio