EXPERTDDX. BRAIN AND SPINE. 3RD EDITION

• SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAIN
SCALP, SKULL
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
4 Skull Normal Variants
6 Scalp Mass, Child
10 Scalp Mass, Adult
12 Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
18 "Hair on End"
20 Thick Skull, Generalized
24 Thick Skull, Localized
26 Thin Skull, Generalized
28 Thin Skull, Localized
30 Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary
34 Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions
38 Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary
42 Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
44 Macrocrania/Macrocephaly
50 Microcephaly
MENINGES
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
56 Dural Calcification(s)
58 Dural-Based Mass, Solitary
62 Dural-Based Masses, Multiple
66 Falx Lesions
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
68 Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized
70 Pial Enhancement
74 Dural Tail Sign
VENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONS
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
76 Ventricles, Normal Variants
80 Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child
82 Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult
84 Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions
90 Lateral Ventricle Mass
94 Thick Septum Pellucidum
96 Foramen of Monro Mass
100 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior
104 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior
106 Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion
112 4th Ventricle Mass, Child
116 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
118 Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular Mass
122 Ependymal Enhancement
126 Ventriculomegaly
132 Small Ventricles
134 Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles
138 Irregular Lateral Ventricles
142 Periventricular Enhancing Lesions
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
146 Intraventricular Calcification(s)
150 Periventricular Calcification(s)
154 Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense Lesions
EXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNS
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
158 Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants
160 Epidural Mass
164 Enlarged Sulci, Generalized
168 Effaced Sulci, Generalized
172 Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts
176 CPA Mass, Adult
180 Cystic CPA Mass
184 Prepontine Cistern Mass
190 Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass
194 Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
198 Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve
200 Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves
204 CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection
206 Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
210 CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass
212 Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement
216 Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles
218 Pneumocephalus
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
220 Extraaxial Flow Voids
222 T1-Hyperintense CSF
224 FLAIR-Hyperintense Sulci
228 T2-Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions
232 Hyperdense CSF
234 Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)
236 Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)
BRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
240 Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General
244 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary
250 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple
254 Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General
260 CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)
266 Cyst With Nodule
270 Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
272 Solitary Parenchymal Calcification
276 Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications
280 Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion
286 Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions
292 Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion
296 Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions
300 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common
306 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common
312 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important
318 Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2
320 Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI
324 T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
328 T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions
332 T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal Lesions
336 Restricted Diffusion, General
342 Restricted Diffusion, Cortex
344 Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia
348 T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
352 Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant
358 Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year
364 Epilepsy, Child
370 Epilepsy, Adult
SUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
372 Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres
378 Thick Cerebral Cortex
384 Thin Cortex
390 Focal Cortical Mass
396 Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR
400 Cortical Enhancement
402 Solitary White Matter Lesion
406 Confluent White Matter Lesions
412 Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum
418 Corpus Callosum Holes
420 Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect
422 Corpus Callosum Mass
424 Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion
428 Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion
434 Hippocampal Lesion
438 Basal Ganglia Calcification
442 Hyperdense Basal Ganglia
444 Hypodense Basal Ganglia
448 T1-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
452 T2-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia
456 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
458 Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions
462 Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions
466 Putamen Lesion(s)
468 Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)
472 Unilateral Thalamic Lesion
474 Bithalamic Lesions
478 Pulvinar Sign
480 Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion
INFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
482 Large Brainstem
484 Small Brainstem
486 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal
488 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse
490 Midbrain Lesion
494 Pontine Lesion
500 Medulla Lesion
504 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)
508 Cerebellar Atrophy
512 Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass
518 Vermis Mass
522 Low Cerebellar Tonsils
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
524 Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
530 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult
534 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric
SELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGION
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
540 Pineal Region Mass, General
544 Pineal Gland Mass
546 Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass
548 Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions
550 Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants
552 Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification
556 Enlarged Pituitary Gland
558 Intrasellar Lesion
560 Cystic Intrasellar Mass
562 Suprasellar Mass, Child
568 Suprasellar Mass, Adult
572 Suprasellar Cystic Mass
576 Calcified Suprasellar Mass
578 Enhancing Suprasellar Mass
580 Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion
584 Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk
586 Thick Infundibular Stalk
588 Hypothalamus Lesion
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
592 Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass
594 T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass
ARTERIES
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
596 Multifocal Arterial Narrowing
600 Vessel Wall Abnormalities
604 Fusiform Arterial Enlargement
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
606 Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery
VEINS, VENOUS SINUSES
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
608 Dural Sinus Lesion, General
612 Enlarged Cortical Veins
614 Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins
618 Abnormally Enhancing Medullary Veins
620 Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass
624 Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions
628 Meckel Cave Lesion
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
632 Hyperdense Dural Sinus
636 GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities
CRANIAL NERVES
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
638 Hemifacial Spasm
642 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult
646 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child
652 Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia
658 Homonymous Hemianopsia
662 Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy
668 Trigeminal Neuralgia
672 Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy
678 Horner Syndrome
• SECTION 2: SPINE
TRANSSPATIAL
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
686 Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality
688 Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality
690 Thoracic Bony Trauma
692 Lumbar Bony Trauma
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
694 Kyphosis
696 Kyphoscoliosis, Child
698 Platyspondyly, Diffuse
700 Sacral Mass, Adult
704 Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric
708 Sacral Deformity
712 Multicompartmental Mass
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
718 Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
724 Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative
730 Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness
736 Lower Extremity Pain
740 Back Pain, Adult
746 Back Pain, Pediatric
CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
750 Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury
754 Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, General
758 Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
762 C1-C2 Instability
766 Odontoid Deformity
VERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTS
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
768 Congenital Vertebral Anomalies
770 Cervical Bony Fusion
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
772 Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary
774 Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple
776 Dysmorphic Vertebral Body
778 Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
782 Enlarged Neural Foramen
784 Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal
786 Spondylolisthesis
790 Bony Lesion, Aggressive
794 Fracture, Vertebral Body
798 Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic
800 Fracture, Posterior Element
802 Pedicle Abnormality
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
806 Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion
810 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal
814 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse
816 Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae
818 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse
820 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Focal
822 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Diffuse
826 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Focal
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATE
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
828 Disc Contour Abnormality
832 Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity
836 Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
840 Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense
842 Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense
844 Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality
EXTRADURAL
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
846 Epidural Mass
852 Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
854 Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality
856 Extradural Lesions, Multiple
858 Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement
860 Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement
864 Epidural Fluid
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
868 Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal
870 Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal
874 Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal
878 Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
880 Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense
884 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
888 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
890 Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric
INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
894 Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse
898 Subarachnoid Space Narrowing
900 Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
904 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
908 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
912 Intradural Lesion, Serpentine
914 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
918 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
922 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
924 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
928 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
930 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
932 Cauda Equina Syndrome
INTRAMEDULLARY
ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
934 Intramedullary Mass
938 Conus Abnormality
GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS
942 Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple
944 Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement
948 Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement
950 Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement
954 Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement
MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS
956 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense
958 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense
960 Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense
964 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense
970 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral
972 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal
976 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central
CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS
982 Myelopathy

Designed with the busy practitioner in mind, ExpertDDx: Brain and Spine, third edition, quickly guides you to the most likely differential diagnoses based on key imaging findings and clinical information. This superbly illustrated resource covers more than 275 of the top differential diagnoses across a broad spectrum of central nervous system diseases, presenting parallel groups of anatomically based differentials, generic imaging patterns, modality-specific findings, and clinically based differentials for each area. Now fully revised and up-to-date, this practical reference clearly guides you through useful, actionable differential diagnoses that lead to definitive findings in every area of the brain and spine.

Features:
• Presents multiple clear, sharp, succinctly annotated images for each diagnosis; a list of diagnostic possibilities sorted as common, less common, and rare but significant; and brief, bulleted text offering helpful diagnostic clues
• Reflects changes in 2021 WHO CNS tumor grading and nomenclature
• Contains newly identified entities, new differential diagnoses, and updated references
• Shows both typical and variant manifestations of each possible diagnosis
• Includes more than 7,000 high-quality print and online images
• Features updated genetic information now available in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)
• Separates adult and pediatric DDx lists for even faster reference
• Assists you in building either a definitive diagnosis from an imaging study or a carefully refined list of reasonable differential diagnoses
• Includes an eBook version that enables you to access all text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud

Authors
• Karen L. Salzman, MD, Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Neuroradiology Section Chief and Associate Fellowship Director, Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
• Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA , Professor, Division Head, Neuroradiology, Executive Vice-Chair, Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
• Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Consultant, Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Professor of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona