MANUAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2 VOLS. 11ª EDICIÓN

Section I
Diagnostic strategies and general topics / 1
1 Introduction to the 11th Edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology / 3
2 Microscopy / 5
3 Laboratory Detection of Bacteremia and Fungemia / 15
4 Systems for Identification of Bacteria and Fungi / 29
5 Automation and Design of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory / 44
6 Molecular Microbiology / 54
7 Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases / 91
8 Prevention of Health Care-Associated Infections / 106
9 Investigation of Disease Outbreaks / 120
10 Molecular Epidemiology / 131
11 Procedures for the Storage of Microorganisms / 161
12 Prevention of Laboratory-Acquired Infections / 169
13 Decontamination, Disinfection, and Sterilization / 183
14 Biothreat Agents / 217
15 The Human Microbiome / 226
16 Microbial Genomics and Pathogen Discovery / 238
Section II
Bacteriology / 252
17 Taxonomy and Classification of Bacteria / 255
18 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Bacteriology / 270
19 Reagents, Stains, and Media: Bacteriology / 316
Gram-Positive Cocci
20 General Approaches to Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci / 350
21 Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci / 354
22 Streptococcus / 383
23 Enterococcus / 403
24 Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic
Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci / 422
JENS JØRGEN CHRISTENSEN AND
KATHRYN L. RUOFF
Gram-Positive Rods
25 General Approaches to the Identification of
Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods / 437
26 Bacillus and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria / 441
27 Listeria and Erysipelothrix / 462
28 Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods / 474
29 Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordonia,
Actinomadura, Streptomyces, and Other
Aerobic Actinomycetes / 504
30 Mycobacterium: General Characteristics,
Laboratory Detection, and Staining
Procedures / 536
31 Mycobacterium: Laboratory Characteristics of
Slowly Growing Mycobacteria / 570
32 Mycobacterium: Clinical and Laboratory
Characteristics of Rapidly Growing
Mycobacteria / 595
Gram-Negative Bacteria
33 Approaches to the Identification of Aerobic
Gram-Negative Bacteria / 613
34 Neisseria / 635
35 Aggregatibacter, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella,
Kingella, Pasteurella, and Other Fastidious or
Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods / 652
36 Haemophilus / 667
37 Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella / 685
38 Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter,
Cronobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and Other
Enterobacteriaceae / 714
39 Yersinia / 738
40 Aeromonas / 752
41 Vibrio and Related Organisms / 762
42 Pseudomonas / 773
43 Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia,
Cupriavidus, Pandoraea, Brevundimonas,
Comamonas, Delftia, and Acidovorax / 791
44 Acinetobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella,
and Other Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Rods / 813
45 Bordetella and Related Genera / 838
46 Francisella / 851
47 Brucella / 863
48 Bartonella / 873
49 Legionella / 887
Anaerobic Bacteria
50 Approaches to Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria / 905
51 Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus,
Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, and Other Anaerobic Cocci / 909
52 Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces,
and Other Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobic
Gram-Positive Rods / 920
53 Clostridium / 940
54 Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella,
Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic
Gram-Negative Rods / 967
Curved and Spiral-Shaped
Gram-Negative Rods
55 Algorithms for Identification of Curved and
Spiral-Shaped Gram-Negative Rods / 994
56 Campylobacter and Arcobacter / 998
57 Helicobacter / 1013
58 Leptospira / 1028
59 Borrelia / 1037
60 Treponema and Brachyspira, Human
Host-Associated Spirochetes / 1055
Mycoplasmas and Obligate
Intracellular Bacteria
61 General Approaches to Identification of
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Obligate
Intracellular Bacteria / 1082
62 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma / 1088
63 Chlamydiaceae / 1106
64 Rickettsia and Orientia / 1122
65 Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Intracellular Bacteria / 1135
66 Coxiella / 1150
67 Tropheryma whipplei / 1159
Section III
Antibacterial Agents and Susceptibility Test
Methods / 1169
68 Antibacterial Agents / 1171
69 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibacterial Agents / 1212
70 Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations / 1246
71 Susceptibility Test Methods: Dilution and Disk
Diffusion Methods / 1253
72 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Systems / 1274
73 Special Phenotypic Methods for Detecting
Antibacterial Resistance / 1286
74 Susceptibility Test Methods: Fastidious Bacteria / 1314
75 Susceptibility Test Methods: Anaerobic Bacteria / 1342
76 Susceptibility Test Methods: Mycobacteria,
Nocardia, and Other Actinomycetes / 1356
77 Molecular Detection of Antibacterial Drug
Resistance / 1379

Volume2
Section IV
Virology / 1390
General
78 Taxonomy and Classification of Viruses / 1393
79 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing:
Virology / 1405
80 Reagents, Stains, Media, and Cell Cultures:
Virology / 1422
81 Algorithms for Detection and Identification of
Viruses / 1432
RNA Viruses
82 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses / 1436
83 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses / 1458
84 Influenza Viruses / 1470
85 Parainfluenza and Mumps Viruses / 1487
86 Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human
Metapneumovirus / 1498
87 Measles and Rubella Viruses / 1519
88 Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses / 1536
89 Rhinoviruses / 1551
90 Coronaviruses / 1565
91 Hepatitis A and E Viruses / 1584
92 Hepatitis C Virus / 1599
93 Gastroenteritis Viruses / 1617
94 Rabies Virus / 1633
95 Arboviruses / 1644
96 Hantaviruses / 1660
97 Arenaviruses and Filoviruses / 1669
DNA Viruses
98 Herpes Simplex Viruses and
Herpes B Virus / 1687
99 Varicella-Zoster Virus / 1704
100 Human Cytomegalovirus / 1718
101 Epstein-Barr Virus / 1738
102 Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 / 1754
103 Adenoviruses / 1769
104 Human Papillomaviruses / 1783
105 Human Polyomaviruses / 1803
106 Parvovirus B19 and Bocaviruses / 1818
107 Poxviruses / 1828
108 Hepatitis B and D Viruses / 1841
Subviral Agents
109 Transmissible Spongiform
Encephalopathies / 1859
SectionV
Antiviral Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods / 1867
110 Antiviral Agents / 1869
111 Mechanisms of Resistance to
Antiviral Agents / 1894
112 Susceptibility Test Methods: Viruses / 1913
SectionVI
Mycology / 1932
General
113 Taxonomy and Classification of Fungi / 1935
114 Specimen Collection, Transport, and
Processing: Mycology / 1944
115 Reagents, Stains, and Media: Mycology / 1955
116 General Approaches for Direct Detection and
Identification of Fungi / 1965
Fungi
117 Candida, Cryptococcus, and Other Yeasts of
Medical Importance / 1984
118 Pneumocystis / 2015
119 Aspergillus and Penicillium / 2030
120 Fusarium and Other Opportunistic Hyaline
Fungi / 2057
121 Agents of Systemic and
Subcutaneous Mucormycosis and
Entomophthoromycosis / 2087
122 Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and
Other Dimorphic Fungi Causing Systemic
Mycoses / 2109
123 Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton,
and Agents of Superficial Mycoses / 2128
124 Curvularia, Exophiala, Scedosporium,
Sporothrix, and Other Melanized Fungi / 2153
125 Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma / 2173
126 Mycotoxins / 2188
127 Lacazia, Lagenidium, Pythium, and
Rhinosporidium / 2196
128 Microsporidia / 2209
SectionVII
Antifungal Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods / 2221
129 Antifungal Agents / 2223
130 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents / 2236
131 Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and
Filamentous Fungi / 2255
SectionVIII
Parasitology / 2282
General
132 Taxonomy and Classification of Human
Parasitic Protozoa and Helminths / 2285
133 Specimen Collection, Transport, and
Processing: Parasitology / 2293
134 Reagents, Stains, and Media:
Parasitology / 2310
135 General Approaches for Detection and
Identification of Parasites / 2317
Parasites
136 Plasmodium and Babesia / 2338
137 Leishmania and Trypanosoma / 2357
138 Toxoplasma / 2373
139 Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living
Amebae / 2387
140 Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates,
and Ciliates / 2399
141 Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, and
Sarcocystis / 2425
142 Cryptosporidium / 2435
143 Nematodes / 2448
144 Filarial Nematodes / 2461
145 Cestodes / 2471
146 Trematodes / 2479
147 Less Common Helminths / 2493
148 Arthropods of Medical Importance / 2505
Section IX
Antiparasitic Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods / 2527
149 Antiparasitic Agents / 2529
150 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiparasitic
Agents / 2550
151 Susceptibility Test Methods: Parasites / 2563

The 11th edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology continues to set the standard for state-of-the-science laboratory practices as the most authoritative reference in the field of clinical microbiology. This new edition presents the numerous microbial taxonomic changes and newer more powerful diagnostic approaches that have been developed since publication of the 10th edition. A collaborative team of editors and authors from around the world, all experienced practitioners, researchers, or public health experts, revised the Manual to include the latest applications of genomics and proteomics, producing an authoritative work of two volumes filled with current findings regarding infectious agents, leading-edge diagnostic methods, laboratory practices, and safety guidelines.

VOLUME 1
DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES AND GENERAL TOPICS
Chapter 1: Introduction to the 11th Edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology
Chapter 2: Microscopy
Chapter 3: Laboratory Detection of Bacteremia and Fungemia
Chapter 4: Systems for Identification of Bacteria and Fungi
Chapter 5: Automation and Design of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Chapter 6: Molecular Microbiology
Chapter 7: Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Chapter 8: Prevention of Health Care-Associated Infections
Chapter 9: Investigation of Disease Outbreaks
Chapter 10: Molecular Epidemiology
Chapter 11: Procedures for the Storage of Microorganisms
Chapter 12: Prevention of Laboratory-Acquired Infections
Chapter 13: Decontamination, Disinfection, and Sterilization
Chapter 14: Biothreat Agents
Chapter 15: The Human Microbiome
Chapter 16: Microbial Genomics and Pathogen Discovery
BACTERIOLOGY
General
Chapter 17: Taxonomy and Classification of Bacteria
Chapter 18: Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Bacteriology
Chapter 19: Reagents, Stains, and Media: Bacteriology
Chapter 20: General Approaches to Identification of Aerobic
Chapter 21: Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci
Chapter 22: Streptococcus
Chapter 23: Enterococcus
Chapter 24: Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci
Chapter 25: General Approaches to the Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods
Chapter 26: Bacillus and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria
Chapter 27: Listeria and Erysipelothrix
Chapter 28: Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods
Chapter 29: Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Actinomadura, Streptomyces, and Other Aerobic Actinomycetes
Chapter 30: Mycobacterium: General Characteristics, Laboratory Detection, and Staining Procedures
Chapter 31: Mycobacterium: Laboratory Characteristics of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria
Chapter 32: Mycobacterium: Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Chapter 33: Approaches to the Identification of AerobicGram-Negative Bacteria
Chapter 34: Neisseria
Chapter 35: Aggregatibacter, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Kingella, Pasteurella, and Other Fastidious or Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods
Chapter 36: Haemophilus
Chapter 37: Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella
Chapter 38: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Cronobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and Other Enterobacteriaceae
Chapter 39: Yersinia
Chapter 40: Aeromonas
Chapter 41: Vibrio and Related Organisms
Chapter 42: Pseudomonas
Chapter 43: Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pandoraea, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, and Acidovorax
Chapter 44: Acinetobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, and Other Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Rods
Chapter 45: Bordetella and Related Genera
Chapter 46: Francisella
Chapter 47: Brucella
Chapter 48: Bartonella
Chapter 49: Legionella
Anaerobic Bacteria
Chapter 50: Approaches to Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria
Chapter 51: Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, and Other Anaerobic Cocci
Chapter 52: Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, and Other Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobic Gram-Positive Rods
Chapter 53: Clostridium
Chapter 54: Bacteroides , Porphyromonas , Prevotella , Fusobacterium , and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods
Chapter 56: Campylobacter and Arcobacter
Chapter 57: Helicobacter
Chapter 58: Leptospira
Chapter 59: Borrelia
Chapter 60: Treponema and Brachyspira , Human Host-Associated Spirochetes
Mycoplasmas and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
Chapter 61: General Approaches to Identification of Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
Chapter 62: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Chapter 63: Chlamydiaceae
Chapter 64: Rickettsia and Orientia
Chapter 65: Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Intracellular Bacteria
Chapter 66: Coxiella
Chapter 67: Tropheryma whipplei
Antibacterial Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Chapter 68: Antibacterial Agents
Chapter 69: Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibacterial Agents
Chapter 70: Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations
Chapter 71: Susceptibility Test Methods: Dilution and Disk Diffusion Methods
Chapter 72: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Systems
Chapter 73: Special Phenotypic Methods for Detecting Antibacterial Resistance
Chapter 74: Susceptibility Test Methods: Fastidious Bacteria
Chapter 75: Susceptibility Test Methods: Anaerobic Bacteria
Chapter 76: Susceptibility Test Methods: Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Other Actinomycetes
Chapter 77: Molecular Detection of Antibacterial Drug Resistance

VOLUME 2
VIROLOGY
General
Chapter 78 : Taxonomy and Classification of Viruses
Chapter 79 : Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Virology
Chapter 80 : Reagents, Stains, Media, and Cell Cultures: Virology
Chapter 81 : Algorithms for Detection and Identification of Viruses
RNA Viruses
Chapter 82 : Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
Chapter 83 : Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses
Chapter 84 : Influenza Viruses
Chapter 85 : Parainfluenza and Mumps Viruses
Chapter 86 : Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus
Chapter 87 : Measles and Rubella Viruses
Chapter 88 : Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses
Chapter 89 : Rhinoviruses
Chapter 90 : Coronaviruses
Chapter 91 : Hepatitis A and E Viruses
Chapter 92 : Hepatitis C Virus
Chapter 93 : Gastroenteritis Viruses
Chapter 94 : Rabies Virus
Chapter 95 : Arboviruses
Chapter 96 : Hantaviruses
Chapter 97 : Arenaviruses and Filoviruses
DNA Viruses
Chapter 98 : Herpes Simplex Viruses and Herpes B Virus
Chapter 99 : Varicella-Zoster Virus
Chapter 100 : Human Cytomegalovirus
Chapter 101 : Epstein-Barr Virus
Chapter 102 : Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8
Chapter 103 : Adenoviruses
Chapter 104 : Human Papillomaviruses
Chapter 105 : Human Polyomaviruses
Chapter 106 : Parvovirus B19 and Bocaviruses
Chapter 107 : Poxviruses
Chapter 108 : Hepatitis B and D Viruses
Subviral Agents Chapter 109 : Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Antiviral Agents and Susceptibility Test ethods
Chapter 110 : Antiviral Agents
Chapter 111 : Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiviral Agents
Chapter 112 : Susceptibility Test Methods: Viruses
MYCOLOGY
General
Chapter 113 : Taxonomy and Classification of Fungi
Chapter 114 : Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Mycology
Chapter 115 : Reagents, Stains, and Media: Mycology
Chapter 116 : General Approaches for Direct Detection and Identification of Fungi
Fungi
Chapter 117 : Candida, Cryptococcus, and Other Yeasts of Medical Importance
Chapter 118 : Pneumocystis
Chapter 119 : Aspergillus and Penicillium
Chapter 120 : Fusarium and Other Opportunistic Hyaline Fungi
Chapter 121 : Agents of Systemic and Subcutaneous Mucormycosis and Entomophthoromycosis
Chapter 122 : Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Other Dimorphic Fungi Causing Systemic Mycoses
Chapter 123 : Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Agents of Superficial Mycoses
Chapter 124 : Curvularia, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix , and Other Melanized Fungi
Chapter 125 : Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma
Chapter 126 : Mycotoxins
Chapter 127 : Lacazia, Lagenidium, Pythium, and Rhinosporidium
Chapter 128 : Microsporidia
Antifungal Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Chapter 129 : Antifungal Agents
Chapter 130 : Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents
Chapter 131 : Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi
Parasitology
General
Chapter 132 : Taxonomy and Classification of Human Parasitic Protozoa and Helminths
Chapter 133 : Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Parasitology
Chapter 134 : Reagents, Stains, and Media: Parasitology
Chapter 135 : General Approaches for Detection and Identification of Parasites
Parasites
Chapter 136 : Plasmodium and Babesia
Chapter 137 : Leishmania and Trypanosoma
Chapter 138 : Toxoplasma
Chapter 139 : Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living Amebae
Chapter 140 : Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates
Chapter 141 : Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, and Sarcocystis
Chapter 142 : Cryptosporidium
Chapter 143 : Nematodes
Chapter 144 : Filarial Nematodes
Chapter 145 : Cestodes
Chapter 146 : Trematodes
Chapter 147 : Less Common Helminths
Chapter 148 : Arthropods of Medical Importance
Antiparasitic Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Chapter 149 : Antiparasitic Agents
Chapter 150 : Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiparasitic Agents
Chapter 151 : Susceptibility Test Methods: Parasites