MOLECULAR NUTRITION AND DIABETES. A VOLUME IN THE MOLECULAR NUTRITION SERIES. PRINT ON DEMAND

• Series Preface
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Section 1. General and Introductory Aspects
o Chapter 1. Nutrition and Diabetes: General Aspects
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Historical Perspective
? 3. Guidelines
? 4. Evidence from Clinical Trials
? 5. Further Research
? 6. Conclusions
o Chapter 2. Dietary Patterns and Insulin Resistance
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Carbohydrates
? 3. Lipids
? 4. Proteins
? 5. Concluding Remarks
o Chapter 3. ß-Cell Metabolism, Insulin Production and Secretion: Metabolic Failure Resulting in Diabetes
? 1. Introduction to Pancreatic ß-Cell Metabolism and Metabolic Links to Insulin Secretion
? 2. The Role of Glucose Metabolism, Fatty Acid Metabolism, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Generation of Metabolic Stimulus-Secretion Coupling Factors
? 3. Nutrient Regulation of ß-Cell Gene Expression
? 4. Metabolic Failure in ß-Cell Dysfunction and Onset of Diabetes
? 5. The Cross-Talk of Apoptosis with ROS and ER Stress in ß-Cell Dysfunction
? 6. Concluding Remarks
o Chapter 4. Diet-Gene Interactions in the Development of Diabetes
? 1. Early History of the Disease and the Seesaw of the Dietary Therapies
? 2. Nutritional Management of Diabetes in the Twenty-First Century
? 3. Diabetes, a Complex Disease with a Significant Genetic Component
? 4. The Role of Gene-Diet Interactions in Diabetes Risk
? 5. Concluding Remarks
o Chapter 5. Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Dietary Factors
? 1. Dietary Factors Involved in Type 1 Diabetes Development
? 2. T1D, Celiac Disease, and Gluten Intake
? 3. Dietary Gluten
? 4. Gluten Peptides Are Resistant to Intestinal Degradation
? 5. Dietary Gluten Influences the Development of T1D
? 6. The Immune Response to Gluten in T1D Patients
? 7. The Effect of Gluten on T1D Depends on Dose, Context, and Timing
? 8. Gluten Intake, T1D, and the Intestinal Microflora
? 9. Intestinal Alterations in Animal Models of T1D and Human Patients
? 10. The Number of Pancreas-Infiltrating Autoreactive T Cells Is Increased in the Intestinal Tissue
? 11. Intake of Gluten Changes Specific Immune System Parameters
? 12. Gluten Is Found in Blood and Could Affect the Pancreatic ß Cells
? 13. Conclusion
• Section 2. Molecular Biology of the Cell
o Chapter 6. Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Molecular Basis for Diet Supplementation
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Oxidative Stress and Oxidation Damage in Diabetes
? 3. Oxidative Stress and Oxidation Damage in Diabetic Complications
? 4. Antioxidants in Diabetes: Implications for Use of Bioactive Food Components
? 5. Conclusions
o Chapter 7. Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Quality
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Regulation of Protein Degradation in Skeletal Muscle
? 3. Skeletal Muscle Mass in Insulin Resistance and T2D
? 4. TP53INP2 and its Role in Autophagy
? 5. TP53INP2 in Skeletal Muscle and T2D
? 6. Skeletal Muscle Quality in Insulin Resistance and T2D
? 7. Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy, and Insulin Resistance
? 8. Concluding Remarks
o Chapter 8. Mechanisms Whereby Whole Grain Cereals Modulate the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Whole Grains versus Refined Flour
? 3. Meta-Analyses and Epidemiological Studies
? 4. Intervention Studies
? 5. Mechanisms of Action
? 6. Conclusions
o Chapter 9. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Glucose Control
? 1. PPAR: An Overview
? 2. Molecular Mechanisms of PPAR Activation
? 3. The Role of PPARs in the Control of Glucose Metabolism
? 4. Dietary-Derived PPAR Ligands as Supplementary Strategies in Glucose Control
? 5. Conclusions
o Chapter 10. High-Fat Diets and ß-Cell Dysfunction: Molecular Aspects
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Biology of the ß Cell
? 3. Compensatory Response of the ß Cell to High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance
? 4. High-Fat Diet and ß-cell Failure and Death
? 5. Concluding Remarks
o Chapter 11. Native Fruits, Anthocyanins in Nutraceuticals, and the Insulin Receptor/Insulin Receptor Substrate-1/Akt/Forkhead Box Protein Pathway
? 1. Anthocyanins: General Characteristics
? 2. Anthocyanin Sources in Foods of Plant Origin
? 3. Health Effects of Anthocyanins
? 4. Insulin Signaling Pathway
? 5. Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance
? 6. Insulin Sensitizing and Antidiabetic Properties of Anthocyanins
? 7. Concluding Remarks
o Chapter 12. Influence of Dietary Factors on Gut Microbiota: The Role on Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Influence of Dietary Factors on Gut Microbiota
? 3. Impact of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Exercise on Gut Microbiota
? 4. Gut Microbiota Interactions with Insulin Resistance and Diabetes
? 5. Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes
? 6. Future Perspectives
o Chapter 13. Molecular Aspects of Glucose Regulation of Pancreatic ß Cells
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Intracellular Glucose Signaling
? 3. Glucose as a Mitogenic Signal for ß Cells
? 4. Glucose Signaling and ß-Cell Transcription
? 5. Glucotoxicity
? 6. Concluding Remarks
o Chapter 14. Metals in Diabetes: Zinc Homeostasis in the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Zn and Insulin
? 3. A Potential Risk of Zn Deficiency for the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
? 4. Effect of Diabetes on Zn Homeostasis
? 5. Prevention and/or Improvement of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes by Zn Supplementation as well as Possible Mechanisms
? 6. Conclusions
? 7. Potential Clinical Implication for the Management of Diabetic Patients
o Chapter 15. Cocoa Flavonoids and Insulin Signaling
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Physiology of Insulin Action
? 3. Pathophysiology of Insulin Action
? 4. Dietary Flavonoids
? 5. Cocoa Flavonoids
? 6. Cocoa Flavonoids and Insulin Action
? 7. Conclusions
? List of Abbreviations
o Chapter 16. Dietary Proanthocyanidin Modulation of Pancreatic ß Cells: Molecular Aspects
? 1. Proanthocyanidins: A Brief Description
? 2. Proanthocyanidins and Type 1 Diabetes
? 3. Type 2 Diabetes
? 4. Proanthocyanidin Effects in Glucose Homeostasis on Insulin Resistance and on T2D
? 5. Proanthocyanidin Effects on Insulin Sensing Tissues
? 6. Proanthocyanidin Effects on ß-Cell Functionality: Control of Insulin Production
? 7. Proanthocyanidin Effects on the Incretin System
? 8. Human Studies
? 9. Conclusions
o Chapter 17. Dietary Whey Protein and Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Aspects
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Constituents of the WP
? 3. Studies in Support of the Antihyperglycemic Effect of Whey
? 4. What Do Exercise and Dietary Protein Have to Do with Hyperglycemia?
? 5. Type, Amount, and Form of Taking the Protein
? 6. Whey Proteins and the Incretins
? 7. Whey Peptides, Stress, and the Heat-Shock Proteins
? 8. Possible Strategies for a More Rational Use of Whey Peptides
? 9. Conclusions
o Chapter 18. Dietary Fatty Acids and C-Reactive Protein
? 1. Introduction
? 2. CRP and Diabetes
? 3. Diet and CRP
? 4. Dietary Fatty Acids and CRP
? 5. Conclusions
o Chapter 19. Alcoholic Beverage and Insulin Resistance-Mediated Degenerative Diseases of Liver and Brain: Cellular and Molecular Effects
? 1. Overview
? 2. Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
? 3. Alcohol-Related Neurodegeneration
? 4. Concluding Remarks
• Section 3. Genetic Machinery and its Function
o Chapter 20. Genetic Variants and Risk of Diabetes
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Genetic Variants for T2D
? 3. Genetic Variants for Insulin Secretion and Action
? 4. Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 10
? 5. Rare and Low-Frequency Variants
? 6. Genetic Prediction of T2D
? 7. Future Directions
o Chapter 21. MicroRNA and Diabetes Mellitus
? 1. Introduction
? 2. miRNA Biogenesis
? 3. miRNAs Acting in ß-Cell Development
? 4. miRNAs Acting on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion
? 5. Regulation of Insulin Transcription by miRNAs
? 6. ß-Cell Mass in Obesity and Pregnancy
? 7. ß-Cell Failure in T2D
? 8. miRNAs in Skeletal Muscle, Adipose Tissue, and Liver
? 9. miRNAs Regulated by Nutritional State and Specific Ingredients
? 10. miRNAs as Circulating Biomarkers
? 11. Conclusions and Perspectives
? List of Abbreviations
o Chapter 22. Diabetes Mellitus and Intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 Gene Expression
? 1. Cholesterol Homeostasis
? 2. Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption
? 3. Intestinal NPC1L1 Cholesterol Transporter
? 4. Transcriptional Regulation of NPC1L1
? 5. NPC1L1 and Diseases
? 6. NPC1L1 and Diabetes
? 7. Conclusion
o Chapter 23. Dietary Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Type 2 Diabetes
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Inflammation in T2D
? 3. Inflammatory Gene Expression in T2D
? 4. Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Inflammation and T2D
? 5. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Neuroinflammation in Diabetes
? 6. Conclusion
o Chapter 24. Polymorphism, Carbohydrates, Fat, and Type 2 Diabetes
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Effect of Dietary Carbohydrates and Fat on T2D
? 3. Polymorphisms and T2D
? 4. Interaction between Carbohydrates, Fat, and Gene Polymorphisms
? 5. Future Perspectives
o Chapter 25. Genetic Basis Linking Variants for Diabetes and Obesity with Breast Cancer
? 1. Obesity and Breast Cancer
? 2. Insulin Resistance and Breast Cancer
? 3. Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptor 1 Genes
? 4. Leptin and Leptin Receptor Genes
? 5. Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene
? 6. Obesity, Breast Cancer, and Methylation
? 7. Nutrigenomics Perspective to Reduce Obesity-Mediated Breast Cancer Risk
? 8. Conclusions
o Chapter 26. Vitamin D Status, Genetics, and Diabetes Risk
? 1. Vitamin D Metabolism and Epidemiology
? 2. Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Risk
? 3. Genetic Basis of Vitamin D Deficiency
? 4. Conclusions and Future Directions
o Chapter 27. NRF2-Mediated Gene Regulation and Glucose Homeostasis
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Detoxification Processes in Cells
? 3. Antioxidative Stress Response Systems in Cells
? 4. Anti-inflammatory Function of NRF2
? 5. Molecular Basis of the KEAP1-NRF2 System Function
? 6. Pancreatic ß Cells and Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses
? 7. Roles of NRF2 on Antioxidative Response in Pancreatic ß Cells
? 8. NRF2 Regulation of Inflammation and Other Cellular Responses in Pancreatic ß Cells
? 9. Glucose Homeostasis in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues
? 10. Nutrition and NRF2 Inducing Phytochemicals
? 11. Conclusion
o Chapter 28. Hepatic Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation and Type 2 Diabetes
? 1. Introduction
? 2. Lipogenesis as a Target to Reduce Liver Triacylglycerol Content
? 3. Stimulation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-a
? 4. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-y Coactivator-1 as Target to Stimulate Hepatic Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation
? 5. Targeting Liver Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation to Improve Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
? 6. General Conclusion
o Chapter 29. Current Knowledge on the Role of Wnt Signaling Pathway in Glucose Homeostasis
? 1. Introduction of the Wnt Signaling Pathway
? 2. Recognition of Wnt Signaling Pathway Components as Diabetes Risk Genes
? 3. TCF7L2 as a Diabetic Risk Gene and Its Role in Glucose Homeostasis
? 4. Summary and Perspectives
• Index

Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series focuses on diabetes as a nutritional problem and its important metabolic consequences. Fuel metabolism and dietary supply all influence the outcome of diabetes, but understanding the pathogenesis of the diabetic process is a prelude to better nutritional control. Part One of the book provides general coverage of nutrition and diabetes in terms of dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and the glucose-insulin axis, while Part Two presents the molecular biology of diabetes and focuses on areas such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, insulin resistance, high-fat diets, nutriceuticals, and lipid accumulation. Final sections explore the genetic machinery behind diabetes and diabetic metabolism, including signaling pathways, gene expression, genome-wide association studies, and specific gene expression. While the main focus of each chapter is the basic and clinical research on diabetes as a nutritional problem, all chapters also end with a translational section on the implications for the nutritional control of diabetes.

KEY FEATURES
• Offers updated information and a perspective on important future developments to different professionals involved in the basic and clinical research on all major nutritional aspects of diabetes mellitus
• Explores how nutritional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of both type1 and type2 diabetes and their complications
• Investigates the molecular and genetic bases of diabetes and diabetic metabolism through the lens of a rapidly evolving field of molecular nutrition.

Author
Didac Mauricio Chief Physician and Acting Head of the Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain; Associate Professor, School of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.