MOUNTAINS, CLIMATE AND BIODIVERSITY

1 Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity: An Introduction 1
• Part I Mountains, Relief and Climate 15
2 Simple Concepts Underlying the Structure, Support and Growth of Mountain Ranges, High Plateaus and Other High Terrain 17
3 An Overview of Dynamic Topography: The Influence of Mantle Circulation on Surface Topography and Landscape 37
4 Mountain Relief, Climate and Surface Processes 51
5 Dating Mountain Building: Exhumation and Surface Uplift 69
6 Stable Isotope Paleoaltimetry: Paleotopography as a Key Element in the Evolution of Landscapes and Life 81
7 Phytopaleoaltimetry: Using Plant Fossils to Measure Past Land Surface Elevation 95
8 Cenozoic Mountain Building and Climate Evolution 111
9 Paleoclimate 123
• Part II When Biology Meets Mountain Building 135
10 Mountain Geodiversity: Characteristics, Values and Climate Change 137
11 Geodiversity Mapping in Alpine Areas 155
12 Historical Connectivity and Mountain Biodiversity 171
13 The Environmental Heterogeneity of Mountains at a Fine Scale in a Changing World 187
14 Mountains, Climate and Mammals 201
15 Inferring Macroevolutionary Dynamics in Mountain Systems from Fossils 217
16 The Interplay between Geological History and Ecology in Mountains 231
17 Mountains and the Diversity of Birds 245
18 Teasing Apart Mountain Uplift, Climate Change and Biotic Drivers of Species Diversification 257
19 Upland and Lowland Fishes: A Test of the River Capture Hypothesis 273
20 Different Ways of Defining Diversity, and How to Apply Them in Montane Systems 295
21 A Modeling Framework to Estimate and Project Species Distributions in Space and Time 309
Part III Mountains and Biota of the World 321 22 Evolution of the Isthmus of Panama: Biological, Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatological Implications 323
23 The Tepuis of the Guiana Highlands 339
24 Ice�]Bound Antarctica: Biotic Consequences of the Shift from a Temperate to a Polar Climate 355
25 The Biogeography, Origin and Characteristics of the Vascular Plant Flora and Vegetation of the New Zealand Mountains 375
26 The East African Rift System: Tectonics, Climate and Biodiversity 391
27 The Alps: A Geological, Climatic and Human Perspective on Vegetation History and Modern Plant Diversity 413
28 Cenozoic Evolution of Geobiodiversity in the Tibeto�]Himalayan Region 429
29 Neogene Paleoenvironmental Changes and their Role in Plant Diversity in Yunnan, South�]Western China 449
30 Influence of Mountain Formation on Floral Diversification in Japan, Based on Macrofossil Evidence 459
31 The Complex History of Mountain Building and the Establishment of Mountain Biota in Southeast Asia and Eastern Indonesia 475
Index 495

Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity: A comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis for students and researchers
Mountains are topographically complex formations that play a fundamental role in regional and continental-scale climates. They are also cradles to all major river systems and home to unique, and often highly biodiverse and threatened, ecosystems. But how do all these processes tie together to form the patterns of diversity we see today?
Written by leading researchers in the fields of geology, biology, climate, and geography, this book explores the relationship between mountain building and climate change, and how these processes shape biodiversity through time and space.
• In the first two sections, you will learn about the processes, theory, and methods connecting mountain building and biodiversity
• In the third section, you will read compelling examples from around the world exploring the links between mountains, climate and biodiversity
• Throughout the 31 peer-reviewed chapters, a non-technical style and synthetic illustrations make this book accessible to a wide audience
• A comprehensive glossary summarises the main concepts and terminology

Readership: Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity is intended for students and researchers in geosciences, biology and geography. It is specifically compiled for those who are interested in historical biogeography, biodiversity and conservation.

Authors
• CARINA HOORN University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
• ALLISON PERRIGO Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Sweden
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Forest Cat Editing, Sweden
• ALEXANDRE ANTONELLI Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Swede
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden