MRI BRAIN: A MINI ATLAS AND TEXT

Contents
1. MRI Basics: Physics 1
• MR Working in a Nutshell 3
• Advantages of MRI 5
• Disadvantages of MRI (Compared to CT Scan) 5
• Multiplanar Capability in MR 6
2. Normal Cross-sectional MR Anatomy of Brain 8
• Axial Image Planes: Parallel to Skull Base 9
• Axial Image Level A1 10
• Axial Image Level A2 11
• Axial Image Level A3 12
• Axial Image Level A4 13
• Axial Image Level A5 14
• Axial Image Level A6 15
• Axial Image Level A7 16
• Coronal Section: Parallel to Coronal Suture 17
• Coronal Image Level C1 18
• Coronal Image Level C2 19
• Coronal Image Level C3 20
• Coronal Image Level C4 21
• Midline Sagittal Image: Parallel to Sagittal Suture 22
• Gross Brain Anatomy as seen in MR Images 23
3. MRI of Signals and Sequences 26
• Glossary of Terms 26
• Examples for Basic MR Signal Intensity Nomenclature 28
• Note on Sequences 28
• Examples of Common MR Sequences and their Use 30
• Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) 34
• Role of MRI Contrast Agent 36
• Diffusion Weighted Imaging: An Important Tool for Diagnosing Stroke 37
4. Principles of Intracranial Space Occupying Lesions (ICSOL)/Tumor Diagnosis by MRI 39
• Look for Classic Location/Morpholgy/Sign 39
• Determine Whether the Lesion is Intra-axial versus Extra-axial 40
• Patient’s Age and Sex 41
• MRI Signal Intensity 41
• T1W Bright Lesions 41
• Classic Location 42
• Type and Degree of Contrast Enhancement 43
• The Extension and/or Spread of the Tumor 43
5. MRI Atlas of Cases 45
Cases (1–30): Tumors 45
• Case 1: Cerebral Pilocytic Astrocytoma 45
• Case 2: Left Falx Meningioma 49
• Case 3: Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma 52
• Case 4: Recurrent Central Neurocytoma 57
• Case 5: Brainstem Glioma 59
• Case 6: Cerebellar Pilocytic Astrocytoma 61
• Case 7: Right Falx Meningioma 64
• Case 8: Atypical Meningioma 66
• Case 9: Multiple Meningiomas 69
• Case 10: Hemangiopericytoma 72
• Case 11: Craniopharyngioma 75
• Case 12: Left Glioblastoma Multiforme 78
• Case 13: Right Glioblastoma Multiforme 81
• Case 14: Optic Groove Meningioma 83
• Case 15: CP Angle Epidermoid 85
• Case 16: Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor 88
• Case 17: Planum Sphenoidale Meningioma 90
• Case 18: Posterior Cranial Fossa Meningioma 93
• Case 19: Low Grade Glioma 96
• Case 20: Pituitary Secreting Macroadenoma 99
• Case 21: Jugular Foramen Schwannoma 103
• Case 22: Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma 105
• Case 23: Central Nervous System Lymphoma 108
• Case 24: Pituitary Microadenoma 111
• Case 25: Infratentorial Ependymoma in Adult 114
• Case 26: Classical Acoustic Schawannoma 116
• Case 27: Juxtatentorial Meningioma 119
• Case 28: Convexity Meningioma 121
• Case 29: Benign Glioma 123
• Case 30: Craniopharyngioma in Adult 125
Cases (31–49): Congenital Lesions 128
• Case 31: Schizencephaly: Closed Lip Type 128
• Case 32: Schizencephaly: Open Lip Type 130
• Case 33: Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum and Associated Lipoma 132
• Case 34: Lipoma of Corpus Callosum 135
• Case 35: Type 1 Chiari Malformation 137
• Case 36: Type 1 Chiari Malformation with Syrinx 1 139
• Case 36A: Type 1 Chiari Malformation with Syrinx 2 141
• Case 37: Classic Arachnoid Cyst 143
• Case 38: Arachnoid Cyst: Posterior Cranial Fossa 146
• Case 39: Craniovertebral Junction Anomaly: Basilar Invagination Fossa 149
• Case 40: Classic Colloid Cyst 152
• Case 41: Rathke’s Cyst 154
• Case 42: Cerebellopontine Angle: Epidermoid 156
• Case 43: Intraventricular Epidermoid 159
• Case 44: Partial Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum with Interhemispheric Cyst 162
• Case 45: Joubert Syndrome 164
• Case 46: Quadrigeminal Plate Arachnoid Cyst with Obstructive Hydrocephalus 167
• Case 47: Dandy-Walker Variant 169
• Case 48: Posterior Cranial Fossa Giant Cyst 171
• Case 49: Quadrigeminal Plate Large Arachnoid Cyst 173
Cases (50–67): Vascular 176
• Case 50: Cavernoma Left Frontal Lobe 176
• Case 51: Acute Right Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Ischemic Infarct 179
• Case 52: Giant Aneurysm of Basilar Artery Trunk 182
• Case 53: Right Subacute Subdural Hematoma 184
• Case 54: Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg’s Syndrome) 187
• Case 55: Venous Infarct: Left Temporal Lobe 189
• Case 56: Acute Right Thalamic Ischemic Infarct 191
• Case 57: Giant Aneurysm Supraclinoid Segment of Internal Carotid Artery 194
• Case 58: Left Transverse Sinus Thrombosis 196
• Case 59: Right Cerebellar Ischemic Infarct 198
• Case 60: Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 201
• Case 61: Vein of Galen Malformation 203
• Case 62: Cavernoma with Recent Bleed 205
• Case 63: Right Posterior Watershed Infarct 207
• Case 64: Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency 209
• Case 65: Cerebral Venous Thrombosis 211
• Case 66: Posterior Reversible Ischemic Encephalopathy 213
• Case 67: Intraventricular Hemorrhage 216
Cases (68–78): Infectons/Infestations 219
• Case 68: Solitary Tuberculoma 219
• Case 69: Multiple Tuberculomata 222
• Case 70: Tuberculous Cerebral Abscess 224
• Case 71: Tuberculosis of the Optic Nerve Sheath 227
• Case 72: Bacterial Meningoencephalitis 229
• Case 73: Toxoplasmosis 232
• Case 74: Opportunistic Brain Infection in Immunocompromised Patient 234
• Case 75: Neurocysticercosis 237
• Case 76: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 239
• Case 77: Viral Encephalitis 242
• Case 78: Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Zygomycosis 245
Cases (79–100): Miscellaneous 248
• Case 79: Wilson’s Disease 248
• Case 80: Tuberous Sclerosis 250
• Case 81: Central Pontine Myelinolysis 253
• Case 82: Neurosarcoidosis 256
• Case 83: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IICHT)/Pseudotumor Cerebri 259
• Case 84: Obstructive Hydrocephalus: Aqueductal Stenosis 261
• Case 85: Traumatic Atlantoaxial Joint Subluxation 263
• Case 86: Central Pontine Myelinolysis 2 265
• Case 87: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis 267
• Case 88: Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome 270
• Case 89: Fahr’s Disease 272
• Case 90: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 274
• Case 91: Adrenoleukodystrophy 277
• Case 92: Ectopic Neurohypophysis 279
• Case 93: Diffuse Axonal Injury 282
• Case 94: Devic Disease 284
• Case 95: Leigh’s Disease 287
• Case 96: Huntington’s Chorea 289
• Case 97: Empty Sella Syndrome and Aqueductal Stenosis 292
• Case 98: Neuroglial Cyst 295
• Case 99: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 297
• Case 100: Neurofibromatosis Type 2 300
Index 303

MRI Brain: Atlas and Text is a highly illustrated collection of magnetic resonance imaging cases, complete with guidance on terminology, anatomy and diagnosis.
Divided into five sections, the book begins with the basics of MRI, followed by an illustrated chapter on normal cross sectional MRI anatomy of the brain, MRI signals and sequences, and tumour diagnosis using MRI. The book concludes with an atlas of MRI cases, with 413 high quality MR images of the brain across 100 cases.
Each evidence based neuroradiology case begins with high quality MR images followed by discussion on the case findings, and concluded by relevant references for further reading.
MRI Brain: Atlas and Text covers MR signal intensity nomenclature, common MR sequences and their use, and the use of MRI in the diagnosis of stroke, along with other specialist topics making this book ideal for radiology postgraduates as well as GPs and neuroradiologists.

Key Points
• Highly illustrated guide to magnetic resonance imaging
• Features 100 evidence based MRI cases with high quality images, case findings and further reading
• 428 full colour images and illustrations

Author information
G Balachandran MD, DNB, DMRD, FICR
Associate Professor of Radiology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry.